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Arduino high voltage control diagram.
Effigy 1.

Arduino Power Inverter Circuits

past Lewis Loflin

Videos for this project:

In my higher classes several of my students plan to written report solar energy in particular how power inverters operate. This is a sit-in I setup for my grade.

A DC to AC inverter changes 12 or 24 volts DC to 120 or 240 VAC. This is a version of this using the Arduino micro-controller. Nosotros take two variations as presented below and volition apply the exact aforementioned micro-controller program not only to drive the power conversion process simply to monitor other functions as well. Other features include:

Monitor battery and input power condition and shutdown if battery voltage is likewise depression. (Less than 11 volts.)
Monitor the transistor heat sink associates and turn on a cooling fan if too hot.
Power upward slowly to foreclose huge current surges on the 12/24 volts source.

Note: this does not output a sine wave. That would require far more complex circuitry to the indicate it's cheaper to buy an inverter.

2nd this outputs 50Hz or 60Hz depending on delays in the software. A commercial unit chops the DC at a high frequency. Then steps it up through a smaller transformer and rectifies and filters the high-frequency AC to DC. This is and then chopped to 50Hz or 60Hz AC through a transistor circuit.

This is done to reduce the size and cost of the transformer.

The drive output from digital pins 9 and 10 provide two foursquare waves 180 degrees out of phase. In a normal 60 Hz. the Air-conditioning one-half-bicycle period is most 8.33 milli-Sec. pulse width. The frequency and pulse width are very of import in determining power output. This was very like shooting fish in a barrel to command with the delay routines in the software.

Both diagrams below were tested on a meaty fluorescent lamp, a dual tube four-foot shop light, and a Black and Becker power drill. I also tested several transformer types while ane transformer designed for a 400 watt uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provided best performance. Run across Wiki for more on a UPS.

In fact this is a recreation of a UPS. I only tested these circuits at 12 volts. The output is a modified square moving ridge.

MOSFETs driving a transformer.
Figure two.

In effigy 2 above nosotros use a 24-volt centre-tapped transformer and drive this with Northward-channel power MOSFETs. I take tried to use bipolar transistors just the performance and output was poor. I used surplus IRFP450s and IRFZ46N types. Both worked well and must be estrus sinked. By switching one-half of the transformer side at a fourth dimension, we recreate the negative/positive one-half-cycles on the AC output.

If I used a 12 volt eye-tapped transformer my output would be 240 volts. The 4N37 opto-isolators serve to isolate the micro-controller from the higher voltages and electrical noise of the output circuits. The MOSFETs tin can exist just paralleled source to source, bleed to bleed, and gate to gate for college currents and power output. The 15k resistors are used to bleed the charges off the MOSFETs gates to plough the device off.

H-Bridge driving a power transformer.
Effigy 3.

In figure three I used my H-span circuit to drive a transformer. It works a lilliputian better than effigy 2 and has the advantage of using a non-middle-tapped transformer. It does use more than power MOSFETs. The MOSFETs can nevertheless be wired in parallel as shown in figure 2 for greater power.

Opto-Isolated Transistor Drivers for Micro-Controllers
Build a H-Bridge Motor Command with Ability MOSFETS
Basic Power Transformers

This outputs ii square wave pulses to bulldoze inverter circuits using power MOSFETS driving a 24-volt CT transformer to output 120 volts AC.

The period for a 60 Hertz sine wave is 16.666 mSec. So each one-half-bicycle is about 8.3 mSec.

The programs below puts out two square waves one for each half cycle, 180 degrees out of phase.

This also has a soft start feature to limit power surges on power upward.

This besides measure the voltage on the bombardment and disables output if the voltage drops below 10 volts.

A 10k and 2.7k are in series and continued to the 12 volt battery bank or power supply (+ 12 connected to 10k) while one finish of the ii.7k goes to ground. The two.7k/10k junction goes to one of the Arduino ADCs and when the battery voltage drops below a half-volt (about 10 volts on the battery) is disabled until battery is recharged.

                      /* #define MOSFET1  nine #define MOSFET2  x #define EnablePower ii// HV ability on switch            #define batteryVoltage 0// Ad0            #define heatSink 1// Ad1            #define batteryGoodInd 12  #define fanOnInd 11 #ascertain HVON  thirteen// high voltage on blinks            int            10 = 0;            int            y = 0;            int            z = 0;            void                          setup            () {pinMode(MOSFET1,            OUTPUT);            // MOSFET 1pinMode(MOSFET2,            OUTPUT);            // MOSFET 2pinMode(EnablePower,            INPUT);            // N.O. switchdigitalWrite(EnablePower,            HIGH);            // pull upward enabledpinMode(HVON,            OUTPUT);digitalWrite(HVON,            LOW);pinMode(batteryGoodInd,            OUTPUT);digitalWrite(batteryGoodInd,            Depression);pinMode(fanOnInd,            OUTPUT);digitalWrite(fanOnInd,            Low);  }            void                          loop            () {   y =analogRead(batteryVoltage);if            (y > 150)            digitalWrite(batteryGoodInd,            LOW);                          // battery LED offelse            digitalWrite(batteryGoodInd,            HIGH);                          // bombardment too depression LED onif            (analogRead(heatSink) > 500)            digitalWrite(fanOnInd,            HIGH);                          // cooling fan onelse            digitalWrite(fanOnInd,            Depression);                          // cooling fan off            if            ((digitalRead(EnablePower) == 0) && (y > 150))  {                          // check for closed enable switch, battery state            SoftStart();// bring power up slowlywhile            ((digitalRead(EnablePower) == 0) && (y > 150))   {digitalWrite(MOSFET1,            Loftier);            // MOSFET1 ondelayMicroseconds(360);delay(8);            // look for viii.3 mSdigitalWrite(MOSFET1,            LOW);            // MOSFET1 offdigitalWrite(MOSFET2,            HIGH);            // MOSFET2 ondelayMicroseconds(360);filibuster(8);            // look for viii.3 mSdigitalWrite(MOSFET2,            LOW);            // MOSFET2 off            x++;if            (x == twenty) {            // flash HVON LED            toggle(HVON);         y =analogRead(0);          x=0;if            (analogRead(heatSink) > 500)            digitalWrite(fanOnInd,            Loftier);                          // cooling fan onelse            digitalWrite(fanOnInd,            Depression); // cooling fan off        }// end 2nd if            }// finish while            }//                        }// end loop            void            toggle(int            pinNum) {                          // toggle the state on a pivotint            pinState =            digitalRead(pinNum);   pinState = !pinState;digitalWrite(pinNum, pinState);  }            //SoftStart allows power to come up slowly to prevent excessive surges            // time is about 2 seconds            void            SoftStart(void)   {int            y = 2;int            x = 0;int            z = 6;while            (y < 8)   {digitalWrite(MOSFET1,            High);            // MOSFET1 ondelayMicroseconds(360);delay(y);            // look for 8.3 mSdigitalWrite(MOSFET1,            LOW);            // MOSFET1 offdelay(z);digitalWrite(MOSFET2,            HIGH);            // MOSFET2 ondelayMicroseconds(360);delay(y);            // wait for 8.3 mSdigitalWrite(MOSFET2,            LOW);            // MOSFET2 offfilibuster(z);      x++;if            (x == 30) {        y = y + 2;       z = z - 2;        x=0;      }   } }